Citations: Chapter 4 Potential Tensions
Citations 433-675
433 Covered in more detail under the registration for benefits section.
434 International Organisation for Migration (2023). Surveys with Ukrainian and third-country nationals crossing to Ukraine: Observed trends in 2022, accessed 28 March 2023.
435 International Organisation for Migration (2023). Surveys with Ukrainian and third-country nationals crossing to Ukraine: Observed trends in 2022, accessed 28 March 2023.
436 International Organisation for Migration (2023). Surveys with Ukrainian and third-country nationals crossing to Ukraine: Observed trends in 2022, accessed 28 March 2023.
437 UNHCR (2023). Temporary Protection in Moldova, accessed 28 March 2023.
438 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
439 See, for example, information on the Czech Republic’s registration process for the extension of TP: Bird&Bird (2022). Lex Ukraine – Temporary protection 2023, accessed 28 March 2023.
440 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
441 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
442 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.
443 Chisinau Research Workshops 1–2 March 2023.
444 UNOCHA (2023). Financial Tracking Service Moldova, accessed 31 March 2023.
445 World Bank (2023). World Bank Open Data Set, accessed 31 March 2023.
446 World Food Organisation (2022). Social Protection – Cash Assistance to Vulnerable Moldovans
447 European Commission (2023). Czech Republic: “Lex Ukraine” law package enters into force, accessed 5 April 2023; UNHCR (n.d.) Asylum in the Czech Republic, accessed 5 April 2023; Zaru, D. (2022). Europe’s unified welcome of Ukrainian refugees exposes ‘double standard’ for nonwhite asylum seekers: Experts, accessed 5 April 2023.
448 UNHCR Poland (n.d.) Accessing International Protection, accessed 2 April 2023.
449 Bratislava research workshop 7-8 March 2023.
450 Bratislava research workshop 7-8 March 2023.
451 Bratislava research workshop 7-8 March 2023
452 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
453 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
454 European Commission (2023). Slovakia: slight decrease in support for those displaced from Ukraine
455 Tonjdo, L. (2022). The Guardian. Ukraine urged to take ‘humane’ approach as men try to flee war, accessed 28 March 202.3
456 Gentlemen, J., and Pronczuk, M. (2022). The New York Times. Ukraine’s Draft dodgers face guilt, shame, and reproach,
accessed 28 March 2023.
457 OECD (2020). Health at a Glance: Europe 2020, accessed 27 March 2023; The Economist (2019). Romania’s health-care system, the EU’s worst, struggles to reform; European Commission (2019). Internships for doctors from third countries to address shortage of health professionals in Slovakia
458 Prusaczyk, A., Bogdan, M., Vinker, S., Gujski, M., Żuk, P., Kowalska-Bobko, I., Karczmarz, S., Oberska, J., and Lewtak, K. Health (2023). Care Organization in Poland in Light of the Refugee Crisis Related to the Military Conflict in Ukraine. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; OECD (2017). State of Health in the EU – Slovak Republic – country health profile 2017
459 Eurostat (2022). Healthcare expenditure statistics, accessed 14 April 2023.
460 Eurostat (2022). Healthcare expenditure statistics, accessed 14 April 2023.
461 Eurostat (2022). Healthcare expenditure statistics, accessed 14 April 2023.
462 2019 data; The World Bank (2022). Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Moldova, accessed 14 April 2023.
463 Eurostat (2022). Healthcare expenditure statistics, accessed 14 April 2023.
464 Eurostat (2022) Government Expenditure on Health. accessed 17 April 2023.
465 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
466 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
467 Bucharest focus group workshop 15–6 February 2023.
468 Reuters (2022). Refugee crisis strains Moldova’s healthcare system, minister says, accessed 28 March 2023.
469 Union of Polish Metropolises (2022). Neighbourly help. Residents of the 12 Largest Polish Cities on Helping Refugees from
Ukraine, accessed 26 March 2023.
470 Chisinau research workshop 2 March 2023.
471 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023; Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023; Bucharest focus group workshop 15–16 February 2023.
472 OECD (2017). State of Health in the EU – Slovak Republic – country health profile 2017
473 Dlouhý, M., Barták, M., Dobiášová, K., Hnilicová, H., Janečková, H., Petráková, A., Agyemang, C., Vázquez, M.-L., Oxford Adacemic (2022). Health and health care for refugees and migrants, accessed 28 March 2023.
474 Bucharest focus group workshop, 15–16 February 2023.
475 Bucharest focus group workshop, 15–16 February 2023.
476 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023; Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
477 Prusaczyk, A., Bogdan, M., Vinker, S., Gujski, M., Żuk, P., Kowalska-Bobko, I., Karczmarz, S., Oberska, J., and Lewtak, K. Health (2023). Care Organization in Poland in Light of the Refugee Crisis Related to the Military Conflict in Ukraine, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
478 Help to Help Ukraine (2023). Access to healthcare for Ukrainian refugees in Romania
479 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
480 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
481 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
482 Bucharest focus groups workshop, 15–16 February 2023.
483 UNHCR (2022). Slovakia: Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessment
484 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
485 UNHCR (2022). Slovakia: Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessment
486 One workshop participant shared that her husband needed an excessive number of medical appointments to continue his cancer treatment because the quality of his documentation was deemed insufficient. Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023
487 Kálmán, A., Investigate Europe (2022). Europe strains under rising prices as renters bear brunt of housing crisis
488 Strajescu, C. (2022). On the rental market in Chisinau, prices have exploded, accessed 28 March 2023.
489 Ukrainians have received cash support of up to 2,200 MDL per person per month, which is intended to support housing alongside other needs, as well as access to RACs and private apartments in the short term through a partnership between IOM and Airbnb.
UNHCR (2023) Cash assistance for refugees in Moldova, accessed 28 March 2023; IOM (2022) IOM AND AIRBNB: PARTNERSHIP IN ACTION IN MOLDOVA, accessed 28 March 2023.
490 OECD iLibrary (2021). Overview of housing affordability in cities in the Czech Republic, accessed 28 March 2023.
491 According to data from the Statistical office of the European Union, in 2020, almost 40 percent of the Polish population lived in overcrowded dwellings, almost double the EU average rate. Eurostat (2022). Living conditions in Europe – Housing, accessed 28 March 2023; on social housing in Romania, see Turcu, C. (2017). Mind the Poorest: Social Housing Provision in Post-Crisis Romania.
492 Reliefweb (2023). Living in the moment: Ukrainians find hope in Slovakia
493 Reliefweb (2023). Living in the moment: Ukrainians find hope in Slovakia
494 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
495 City Population (2022). Gabčíkovo, accessed 10 April 2023.
496 City Facts (2022). Gabčíkovo, Trnava Region, Slovakia, accessed 10 April 2023.
497 Oxfam (2022). Seeking Safety: Roma Refugees in Moldova, accessed 28 March 2023.
498 Bratislava research workshop 7-8 March 2023.
499 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
500 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
501 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
502 Turcu, C. (2017). Mind the Poorest: Social Housing Provision in Post-Crisis Romania; Ryšavý, Z. Romea.cz (2022). Czech research finds one-third of Romani refugees from Ukraine have experienced discrimination here, most children are not in education, dual citizenship has not been “abused” by them, accessed 5 April 2023; Popenko, V. (2022). European Roma Rights Centre.
Segregation and sub-standard living conditions: Romani families stuck in limbo in Moldova, accessed 28 March 2023.
503 OHCHR (2022). Experts of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Commend Slovakia on Improving Census Methodologies, Ask about Low School Enrolment Rates for Roma Children and Housing Segregation of the Roma Community; Strickland, P. (2017). Life in Slovakia’s Roma slums: poverty and segregation, Al Jazeera; Amnesty International (2022). Slovakia 2022
504 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.
505 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
506 Mykhailyshyna, D. (2023). Ukrainian Refugees: Who are they, where did they come from and how to return them? accessed 28 March 2023; UNHCR (2022). Lives on Hold: Intentions and Perspectives of Refugees from Ukraine #2 (September 2022), accessed 25 March 2023.
507 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
508 Jackson, J. (2022). Refugees, rates and record inflation: How Poland’s housing market is under unprecedented pressure,
Euronews, accessed 25 March 2023.
509 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
510 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
511 UNICEF (2022). Europe and Central Asia Region (ECAR) Ukraine Refugee Response in Neighboring Countries Humanitarian Situation Report No. 18 – 2022, accessed 30 March 2023.
512 As of January 2023; Government of Romania (2023). Romania: Report on the national response to those displaced from Ukraine, accessed 30 March 2023.
513 Moldpres (2023). Over 1,600 Ukrainian children study in schools in Moldova, accessed 28 March 2023.
514 UNHCR (2023). Refugee Response Plan: Slovakia Chapter, page 12, accessed 12 April 2023.
515 The World Bank (2022). Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), accessed 14 April 2023.
516 The World Bank (2022). Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), accessed 14 April 2023.
517 The World Bank (2022). Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), accessed 14 April 2023.
518 The World Bank (2022). Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), accessed 14 April 2023.
519 The World Bank (2022). Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), accessed 14 April 2023.
520 Eurostat (2023). Government expenditure on education, accessed 17 April 2023.
521 Mikulska, A. (2022). “Musimy sobie poradzić”. Jak szkoły w małych miejscowościach przyjmują uczniów z Ukrainy, accessed 28 March 2023.
522 OECD (2022). Slovakia Country Profile
523 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
524 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023; Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
525 In 2022, the percentage of Slovak children in early childhood education was among the lowest among OECD countries. OECD (2022). Slovakia Country Profile
526 UNICEF (2021). The formative years: UNICEF’s work on measuring ECD
527 UNHCR (2023). Ukraine Situation Regional Refugee Response Plan: Romania Chapter.
528 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2023). Fleeing Ukraine: Displaced People’s Experiences in The EU, accessed 5 April 2023.
529 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.
530 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.
531 UNHCR (2023). Refugee Response Plan: Slovakia Chapter
532 Bucharest focus groups workshop 15-16 February 2023.
533 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
534 Chisinau research workshop 1–2 March 2023; Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
535 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
536 Chisinau Research Workshops 1–2 March 2023.
537 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
538 UNHCR (2023). Moldova 2022: Participatory Assessment, accessed 28 March 2023.
539 European Union (2022). Slovakia: Ukrainian children at risk of unsuccessful integration into educational system
540 See for example: UNHCR (2023). Refugee Response Plan: Slovakia Chapter
541 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.
542 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023; Chisinau research workshop 1–2 March 2023.
543 UNHCR, REACH (2023). Poland: Multi-sectoral Needs Assessment 2022, accessed 24 March 2023.
544 UNHCR (2023). Moldova 2022: Participatory Assessment, accessed 28 March 2023.
545 Edupedu (2023). Very few Ukrainian children go to Romanian schools; Chisinau workshops 1–2 March 2023
546 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
547 Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Romania: EU countries: Statista (2023). Harmonized index of consumer prices (HICP) inflation rate of the European Union in January 2023, by country, accessed 30 March 2023. Moldova: Reuters (2023). Moldova’s y/y consumer price inflation slows to 27.31% in January, accessed 28 March 2023.
548 Moldova does not calculate inflation according to EU HCIP, so the figure given is not directly comparable.
549 Reuters (2023). Moldova’s y/y consumer price inflation slows to 27.31% in January, accessed 28 March 2023.
550 St. Leger, A. (2022). Atlantic Council. Russia’s Ukraine invasion is fueling an energy crisis in neighboring Moldova, accessed 28 March 2023.
551 European Commission (2023). EP Autumn 2022 Survey: Parlemeter, accessed 10 April 2023.
552 Hargrave, K., Homel, K., and Dražanová, L. (2023). Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: Poland country profile, Figure 12, accessed 27 March 2023.
553 Ciobanu, C. (2023). A YEAR OF WAR IN UKRAINE: REFUGEES PROVE THEIR VALUE IN POLAND AND ELSEWHERE,
accessed 28 March 2023; Tucha, O., Spivak, I., Bondarenko, O., and Pogarska, O., National Bank of Ukraine (2022). Despite current challenges, the impact of forced migration from Ukraine on the economies of recipient countries in the long run will be positive, according to an NBU Staff Discussion Note, accessed 28 March 2023; Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic (2022). Macroeconomic Forecast of the Czech Republic, accessed 5 April 2023.
554 The Slovakia Spectator (2022). Energy crisis will force Slovak economy into recession in 2023
555 As discussed in Section 3.3.
556 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023; Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
557 Reuters (2023). Slovakia’s former coalition heads agree to early parliamentary elections
558 European Parliament (2018). Romania: the country with the highest income inequality in the European Union
559 European Commission (2023). EP Autumn 2022 Survey: Parlemeter, accessed 10 April 2023.
560 GLOBSEC (2023). Despite challenges, V4 societies generally remain supportive of Ukrainian refugees, with more negative attitudes apparent in Slovakia, accessed 30 March 2023; Chisinau research workshop 1–2 March 2023.
561 UNHCR (2023). Ukraine Situation Regional Refugee Response Plan: Romania Chapter
562 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
563 Ukraine Slovakia (2022). Accommodation, accessed 23 March 2023.
564 European Commission (2022). Slovakia: accommodation allowance for refugees from Ukraine to increase
565 Bucharest focus group workshop, 15–16 February 2023; Balkan Insight (2023). Romanians Hosting Ukrainian Refugees Complain of Delay in Payments
566 Bucharest focus group workshop, 15–16 February 2023.
567 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
568 UNHCR (2022). Multi-Sector Needs Assessment Romania – Key preliminary findings, November 2022; UNHCR (2023). Ukraine Situation Regional Refugee Response Plan: Romania Chapter
569 Bucharest research workshop 15-16 February 2023.
570 Bucharest research workshop 15-16 February 2023.
571 OECD (2022). OECD regions and cities at a glance, country note: Slovak Republic; Čada, K., GAC (2015). Analysis of socially excluded localities in the Czech Republic, accessed 28 March 2023.
572 OECD (2022). OECD Economic surveys: Romania 2022; International Monetary Fund (2022). Romania: selected issues; Turcu,
C. (2017). Mind the Poorest: Social Housing Provision in Post-Crisis Romania.
573 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
574 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
575 Kavanová, M. (2022). Voice of Ukrainians: Education, Housing, Employment, Poverty, Mental Health, PAQ Research, accessed 28 March 2023.
576 Specifically, Ukrainian refugees who live in collective centres for more than 120 days will have to cover half of their accommodation costs; after 180 days, they will have to cover 75 percent of their accommodation costs. Caps apply. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration (2023). Amendment to the Act on Assistance to Citizens of Ukraine signed by the President, 25 January 2023
577 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
578 Romania: World Bank (2022). Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio – European Union, accessed 30 March 2023; Moldova: World Bank (2020). Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Moldova (2020), accessed 29 March 2023.
579 Where there was a more dominant perception that Ukrainian refugees did not want to work.
580 Czech Statistical Office (2023). Latest economic data, accessed 28 March 2023.
581 Trading Economics (2023). Moldova Unemployment Rate, accessed 28 March 2023.
582 As discussed in Chapter 3.
583 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.
584 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
585 Hudec, M. Euroactiv (2023). Slovaks believe Ukrainians are making the country worse
586 The Slovakia Spectator (2022). Unemployment under 20% in all Slovak districts
587 MUNI ECON (2023). Attitudes towards migrants and preferences for asylum and refugee policies before and during Russian
invasion of Ukraine: The case of Slovakia (Working Paper), accessed 29 March 2023.
588 Chisinau Research workshop 2 March 2023.
589 Kavanová, M (2022). Voice of Ukrainians: Education, Housing, Employment, Poverty, Mental Health, PAQ Research, accessed 28 March 2023.
590 GLOBSEC (2023). Despite challenges, V4 societies generally remain supportive of Ukrainian refugees, with more negative attitudes apparent in Slovakia, accessed 30 March 2023.
591 OECD (2023). What we know about the skills and early labour market outcomes of refugees from Ukraine, accessed 28 March 2023.
592 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
593 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
594 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023; Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023; Chisinau research workshop 1–2
March 2023.
595 Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.
596 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
597 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
598 Research workshops 1 February–14 March 2023.
599 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
600 UNHCR Poland (n.d.). Accessing International Protection, accessed 2 April 2023.
601 Polish Economic Institute (2022). How Polish society has been helping refugees from Ukraine; Warsaw: Polish Economic Institute, accessed 27 March 2023.
602 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
603 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.
604 Chisinau Research Workshops 1–2 March 2023.
605 Chisinau research workshop 2 March 2023.
606 Chisinau research workshop 2 March 2023.
607 Chisinau research workshop 2 March 2023.
608 H. Ridgwell, Voa News (2023). Czechs Prepare to Choose New President, as Rivals Clash Over Support for Ukraine, accessed 28 March 2023.
609 M. Švec, Verdica (2022). Czech Republic: Ukrainian refugees as a political topic, accessed 28 March 2023.
610 Chisinau research workshop 2 March 2023.
611 Euractiv (2022). Most Slovaks want Russia to win Ukraine war; GLOBSEC (2022). New report shows that the V4 population supports Ukrainian refugees with some reservations, accessed 22 March 2023; GLOBSEC (2002). New poll: Slovaks want Ukraine to win the war, Not Russia, accessed 22 March 2023.
612 Tasnim News Agency (2023). Massive Anti-NATO Rally Held in Slovakia, accessed 28 March 2023.
613 Stowazyszenie Nigdy Wiecej (2023). Jak Policzyć Nienawiść? Hejterzy O Ukraińcach, accessed 31 March 2023.; and EDMO (2022). European Digital Media Observatory (2022). ‘Ukrainian refugees and disinformation: situation in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and Romania’, accessed 31 March 2023.
614 GLOBSEC (2023). Ukrainian refugees in Visegrad countries: Societal Attitudes and Challenges of Accommodating People Fleeing the War
615 Romania Insider (2023). Ukrainians in Romania say they have been treated fairly, but they wish to go home and European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2023). Fleeing Ukraine: displaced people’s experiences in the EU
616 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
617 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
618 Vlasenko, R. (2023). Overcoming the language barrier for Ukrainian refugees, GLOBSEC, accessed 28 March 2023.
619 UNHCR REACH (2022). Romania Protection Profiling October 2022
620 UNHCR REACH (2023). Slovakia: Area-based assessment – Cities of Bratislava – Kosice -Nitra – Zilina (February 2023)
621 Kavanová, M. (2022). Voice of Ukrainians: Education, Housing, Employment, Poverty, Mental Health, PAQ Research, accessed 28 March 2023; Reliefweb (2022). Living in Limbo: Displaced Ukrainians in Poland, accessed 26 March 2023.
622 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
623 ReliefWeb (2022). WHO promotes action on urgent mental health needs of Ukrainian refugees
624 Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2002). How well do refugees adapt after resettlement in Western countries? accessed 28 March 2023.
625 UNHCR, REACH (2023). Poland: Multi-sectoral Needs Assessment 2022, accessed 24 March 2023.
626 Prague research workshop 2023.
627 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
628 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
629 Chisinau research workshop 2 March 2023
630 In 2016, 69 percent of Moldovans claimed to use Russian language news, and 40 percent of Moldovans claimed to find Russian language news as trustworthy or more trustworthy than domestic Moldovan news. Broadcasting Board of Governors (2016). Role of Russian Media in the Baltics and Moldova, accessed 28 March 2023.
631 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023; Bucharest research workshop 9 February 2023.
632 Bratislava research workshop 8 March 2023.
633 See, for example, European Commission (2023). EP Autumn 2022 Survey: Parlemeter, accessed 10 April 2023; Kossowska, M., Szwed, P., Szumowska, E., et al. (2023). The role of fear, closeness, and norms in shaping help towards war refugees; Scientific Reports 13, 1465, accessed 26 March 2023; BrnoDaily (2023). One Third of Czechs Report Fear of War, While Pandemic Concern Drops Dramatically, accessed 28 March 2023.
634 Pratama, R.G. (2022). Romanian consumers fear inflation the most, followed by the Ukraine war and medical service cost, accessed 3 April 2023; Adler, K. (2022). Ukraine war: Fears Russian aggression could spill into Poland, BBC, accessed 26 March 2023; Kossowska, M., Szwed, P., Szumowska, E., et al. (2023). The role of fear, closeness, and norms in shaping help towards war refugees. Scientific Reports 13, 1465, accessed 26 March 2023.
635 Mirovalev, M. (2023). Al Jazeera. As war rage in Ukraine, is Moldova on the brink of conflict? accessed 28 March 2023.
636 European Commission (2023). EP Autumn 2022 Survey: Parlemeter, accessed 10 April 2023.
637 Polski Ruch Antywojenny (2023). Facebook group, accessed 28 March 2023.
638 Učeň, P. (2023). The Russia-Ukraine War and the radicalization of political discourse in Slovakia, In: The Impacts of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine on Right-wing Populism in Europe. G. Ivaldi and E. Zankina (eds). European Center for Populism Studies, accessed 26 March 2023.
639 Chisinau Research Workshops 1–2 March 2023.
640 Centrum pro vyzkum verejneho mineni (2022). Česká veřejnost ke konfliktu na Ukrajině – podzim 2022, accessed 5 April 2023; Švec, M. (2022). Czech Republic: Ukrainian refugees as a political topic, Verdica, accessed 28 March 2023; GLOBSEC (2023).
Ukrainian refugees in Visegrad countries: Societal Attitudes and Challenges of Accommodating People Fleeing the War, International Republican Institute (2023); Hostile Narrative Brief War In Ukraine, accessed 29 March 2023., page 88; Hargrave, K., Homel, K., Dražanová, L., ODI (2023). Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: Poland country profile, accessed 2 April 2023.; Balkan Insight (2022). Refugee resentment on the rise as Poland’s poorest squeezed by cost-of-living crisis, accessed 26 March 2023.
641 Centrum pro vyzkum verejneho mineni (2022). Česká veřejnost ke konfliktu na Ukrajině – podzim 2022, accessed 5 April 2023; Švec, M. (2022). Czech Republic: Ukrainian refugees as a political topic, Verdica, accessed 28 March 2023.
642 Chisinau research workshop 1–2 March 2023; Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
643 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
644 Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.
645 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
646 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
647 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
648 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
649 Stefczyk (2022). “Ukrainiec zabił Polaka” na warszawskim Nowym Świecie? Sprawdziliśmy, accessed 28 March 2023.
650 Gosling, T. (2022). Poland, Czech Republic struggle to replace the Ukrainian workers, accessed 28 March 2023; Duszczyk, M., and Kaczmarczyk, P., Intereconomics Review of European Economic Policy (2022). The war in Ukraine and migration to Poland: outlook and challenges
651 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
652 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
653 Mohsen, J. (2022). A global index of anti-immigrant xenophobia: associations with cultural dimensions, national well-being, and economic indicators in 151 nations, accessed 14 April 2023; Migrant Integration Policy Index | MIPEX 2020, accessed 14 April 2023. 654 Refugees International (2022). Preparing for the Unpredictable: Ensuring the protection of refugees from Ukraine in Romania and Moldova, accessed 28 March 2023.
655 Hargrave, K., Homel, K., and Dražanová, L. (2023). Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: Poland country profile, accessed 27 March 2023.
656 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
657 Monitoring Centre on Racist and Xenophobic Behaviour/Ośrodek Monitorowania Zachowań Rasistowskich I Ksenofobicznych,
Facebook page (2023), accessed 28 March 2023.
658 Council of Europe (2020). Anti-racism commission: new reports on Czech Republic and Slovakia, accessed 5 April 2023; Amnesty International (n.d.). Czech Republic 2022, accessed 5 April 2023; Avocatul Poporului, Ombudsman (2022). Report No. 1 on the monitoring the observance of the rights of foreigners from Ukraine in the context of the state of emergency for the period from February 25 to April 30, 2022, Unofficial translation from Centrul de Drept al Avocatilor, pages 18–19, accessed 28 March 2023; Amnesty International (2022). Slovakia 2022; IOL (2022). African students cross into Romania despite allegations of racism at Ukrainian border; Harvard School of Public Health, Calling out a double standard in treatment of refugees from Ukraine
659 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.
660 Snyder (1999). “To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and for All”: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943– 1947, Journal of Cold War Studies 1999; 1 (2): 86–120, accessed 26 March 2023.
661 Tymińska, A. (2022). Granice nienawiści. Mowa nienawiści w kontekście kryzysów humanitarnych na granicy polskiej (2021/2022), Helsińska Fundacja Praw Człowieka.
662 Snyder (1999). “To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and for All”: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943– 1947. Journal of Cold War Studies 1999; 1 (2): 86–120, accessed 26 March 2023.
663 Polasik, K., Radio Poznań (2022). Cichy marsz pamięci ofiar rzezi wołyńskiej przeszedł przez centrum Poznania, accessed 27 March 2023.
664 Prezydent.pl (2019). Upamiętnienie ofiar rzezi wołyńskiej, accessed 27 March 2023.
665 Reuters (2022). Poland asks Ukraine to confront dark past despite common front against Moscow, accessed 26 March 2023.
666 Bandera held the title between 2010 and 2011.
667 Euronews (2021). Controversy as Ukraine mulls giving hero status to alleged war criminals, accessed 26 March 2023.
668 UK Parliament Hansard (2023). International Holocaust Memorial Day, Volume 826: debated on Thursday 19 January 2023, accessed 26 March 2023.
669 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
670 Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.
671 European Centre for Minority Issues (2022). Romanians and Moldovans in Ukraine and their kin state’s engagement before and after the war
672 Balkan Insight (2023). Romania president pushes Ukraine on minority rights
673 Balkan Insight (2022). Ukraine seeks closer ties to Romania, vows to resolve minority issues
674 Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.
675 Chisinau research workshop 2 March 2023.