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State of the Judiciary: Egypt 2003
The author of this State of the Judiciary Report for Egypt chose to remain anonymous. This State of the Judiciary report was commissioned by the Arab Center for the Rule of Law and Integrity (ACRLI), a Lebanese non-governmental organization founded to strengthen the Rule of Law, fight societal and governmental corruption and build the foundations of fair, efficient and independent justice systems within the Arab world. This State of the Judiciary Report for Egypt was edited by Professor Keith Henderson, IFES Senior Rule of Law Advisor, and Violaine Autheman, IFES Rule of Law Advisor, who are also the sole authors of the Executive Summary and of Chapter 1 of this Report. They are also entirely responsible for the analytical conclusions in the Judicial Integrity Principles Index (JIP), which attempts to evaluate the level of compliance with the Judicial Integrity Principles, included in the Executive Summary and in Annex 2. It should be noted they are also solely responsible for edits made to the English version and thus accept full responsibility for any inadvertent errors or misinterpretations of the Report from Arabic to English.
March 31, 2004
Publication
Report/Paper
Lithuania: Money and Politics Case Study
Lithuania has rapidly developed both politically and economically since emerging from the Soviet Union in 1991. While the country has built a functioning parliamentary system of government, has become a member of NATO, and is on the verge of joining the European Union, it still faces many problems associated with the many consolidating democracies around the world. As in all democracies, populations need to trust that those they elect will represent their interests. Problems such as corruption, weaknesses in laws concerning the political financing, and unaccounted for political income and expenditures threaten the credibility of the process and hinder the speed at which democracy is consolidated. Additionally, Lithuania lacks the high level of vibrant debate about the issue of political financing among scholars, journalists and civil society bodies required to promote meaningful reform. Recognizing this, Lithuania has developed an independent Central Electoral Committee (CEC) and adopted laws requiring detailed and public disclosure of political finance accounts. Prior to conducting Money and Politics programming in Lithuania, the CEC had made a demonstrable interest in making information public. While scanning summary report of accounts and placing them on the internet, the user could not search, not easily compare and analyze the information. Interested parties were required to make an appointment to view more detailed, paper-based information. Further, while the Tax Authorities are required to audit final political party reports, enforcement is widely considered to be weak. Few, if any, cases of political finance violations have been forwarded and investigated, not to mention prosecuted. By addressing the difficult issues surrounding political finance with the support of IFES in 2002 and 2003, Lithuania is emerging as a model for other consolidating democracy to follow. Significant areas remain to be addressed. While Lithuania has taken concrete steps to reform political finance legislation, open political finance information to public scrutiny and oversight, and encourage debate, further efforts are required to actively enforce laws and regulations and raise the level of debate among the various governmental, legislative, and civil society groups. By addressing these areas, Lithuania has the potential for being an example of best practices while making local expertise and resources to other countries undergoing similar reforms.
December 31, 2002
Election Material
Constitution
Official Bulletin - Cape Verde
Official government bulletin including all Constitutional amendments through September 1990.
Election Material
Constitution
Revision of The Political Constitution of The Republic of Cape Verde
Constitution of Cape Verde to include first amendment passed in 1981.
Election Material
Constitution
The 1980 Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt
Constitution of Egypt adopted by referendum in 1980.