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Electoral Assessment
Inclusion Practices Implemented by Election Management Bodies in Africa
A new study from IFES focuses on the different practices that EMBs have implemented on the African continent to include traditionally underrepresented voters, such as women and persons with disabilities.
April 22, 2021
Publication
Report/Paper
Overcoming Challenges to Democracy and Governance Programs in Post-Conflict Countries: CEPPS Lessons Learned
How can democracy and governance programs be more effective in post-conflict environments?
May 18, 2021
Publication
Report/Paper
Political Money and Political Corruption: Considerations for Nigeria
November 28, 2003
Publication
Report/Paper
Promoting Electoral Access for Citizens with Disabilities: Considerations for Nigeria, INEC-Civil Society Forum Seminar on Agenda for Electoral Reform, 27-28 November 2003, Abuja, Nigeria
The right to participate in and stand for election is a fundamental human right. According to Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: “Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity, without any of the distinctions mentioned in Article 2 and without unreasonable restrictions: (a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives’ (b) To vote and be elected at genuine periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors; (c) To have access, on general terms of equality, to public service in his country.” The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights sets an international standard for the conduct of the elections and the right of participation in that process. In reviewing the Constitutional and legal framework of Nigeria’s electoral process, it is important to ensure that this framework meets international standards, while taking into account the nation’s experience and political and social environment. The right of participation of “every citizen” is one that must be guaranteed by law and by the way the electoral process is conducted. In Nigeria, citizens with disabilities face legal as well as practical barriers to equal participation in the electoral process. However, this electoral review affords the opportunity to ensure that the rights of citizens with disabilities are protected by law and by practice. There is no reliable data on how many of Nigeria’s approximately 120 million citizens live with some sort of physical or mental disability. Nigerian census officials last submitted statistics on disability to the United Nations over 12 years ago, estimating at that time that .5 percent of the population was disabled. This figure is not comparable to the international norm and is a severe under-estimate. In the United States, at least 6% of population has some form of obvious disability – is blind or visually impaired; deaf; a wheelchair user or has an intellectual disability. However, with Nigeria’s incidence of polio, nutritional problems and difficulties with access to healthcare, the percentage of Nigerians with obvious disabilities is likely to be higher – perhaps 10% or more. With an estimated population of 120 million, that would be more than 12 million citizens with disabilities – half of whom are of voting age, at least some 6 million people. This, of course, does not take into account persons with hidden or even undiagnosed disabilities, such as learning disabilities, diabetes, epilepsy, heart disease, etc. Section 17(2) of Nigeria’s 1999 Constitution states that “every citizen shall have equality of rights, obligations and opportunities before law.” Do the Constitutional and legal provisions governing the conduct of elections guarantee this right for those Nigerian citizens with disabilities? Are Nigerians with disabilities able to equally participate in and stand for election?
November 26, 2003
Publication
Report/Paper
Reforming Critical Operational Strategies: INEC Post-Election Seminar, "2003 General Elections: The Lessons and the Way Forward" 28-30 July 2003
Constitutional provisions, electoral legislation, regulations and the policies and the administrative framework of the electoral management body all govern the means by which elections are conducted. Providing an opportunity for all eligible voters to choose their government representatives, through operations that are cost-effective, credible and secure is a major challenge for election management bodies. In reviewing the operational strategies of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) of Nigeria in its conduct of the 2003 federal and state elections, it is necessary to examine the major areas of its operational approach. In any electoral environment, there are similar key issues for which effective solutions have to be found if election operations are to promote public confidence in the integrity and professionalism of electoral management, and acceptance of election results. Some questions to ask in conducting this review are: 1. What are the most suitable arrangements for voter registration and for voting? 2. What are the ways to ensure that registration centres and polling stations are run by trained and professional staff? 3. What materials can be used to ensure the credibility of the process? 4. What are the logistics strategies, to ensure the necessary materials are available and that the operations run efficiently? INEC’s operational strategies, within the legislative and administrative framework, dictate how the elections are conducted, and whether their outcome will be accepted by the participants. If the operational strategies are successful, all eligible voters have the opportunity to participate fully in the process; registration centres and polling stations open on time and the periods of operations are respected; materials are adequately supplied and properly used; all necessary registration and election staff are present and conduct their duties according to the law and regulations; and the election results are compiled in a transparent manner, announced in a timely fashion and accepted, leading to the inauguration of the newly-elected officials. Shortcomings in the operational strategies lessen the credibility of the electoral process and in confidence of the electoral management body, paving the way for future difficulties with regard to respect for the conduct of elections and the democratic process as a whole.
July 27, 2003
Publication
Report/Paper
Electoral Training Project Final Report, November 1997
This report summarizes evaluates curricula materials and training provided to pollworkers in Honduras. The report also discusses the technical assistance provided to the Honduran Tribunal Nacional de Elecciones.
November 30, 1997
Publication
Report/Paper
Local Government Elections in Nigeria: December 5, 1998 - Report of the AAEA/IFES Joint International Observer Mission
The Association of African Election Authorities (AAEA) and the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES) undertook a joint mission to observe the December 5, 1998 local government elections in Nigeria. This final report on the December 5 elections, and of the monitoring of the immediate postelection period presents the observations of the AAEA/IFES missions with the aim to contribute to the preparations for future elections.
December 31, 1998
Publication
Report/Paper
Elections in Honduras: November 18 Primary Elections
On November 18, 2012, Hondurans will elect candidates from three major parties – the Liberal Party, the National Party and the Liberty and Refoundation Party – to compete in next year’s general elections for the presidency and vice presidency, and open seats in the Central American Parliament, National Congress, and municipal councils. To help observers better understand the backdrop of these elections, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) has put together a series of frequently asked questions (FAQs).
November 16, 2012
Publication
Electoral Assessment
Nigeria Post-Election Survey
The mood in Nigeria is extremely upbeat following the peaceful conduct of the 2015 general elections, which led to the first democratic transfer of power in the country’s history.
October 01, 2015
Publication
Report/Paper
State of the Judiciary: Honduras 2003
This State of the Judiciary Report for Honduras was written by Edmundo Orellana, J.D., an eminent Honduran lawyer specializing in judicial reform and author of numerous articles and books on this topic in his country and abroad. Dr. Orellana has drafted a number of documents that have now become laws on themes ranging from the “Status of the Career of Public Prosecutors” to the “Judicial Code of Ethics” and the “Public Prosecution Code of Ethics”. He has served in numerous public offices, including General Director for Administrative Reform of the Ministry of Planning, Coordination and Budget, Judge of the Administrative Chamber of the Court of Appeals, Attorney General, and Ambassador to the United Nations. This State of the Judiciary Report for Honduras was supervised and edited by FOPRIDEH, a Honduran nongovernmental organization dedicated to sustainable development, the formulation of sound public policies and the strengthening of democratic processes and institutions in Honduras. FOPRIDEH is a federation of non-governmental organizations that brings together over 70 affiliated organizations and various commissions and alliances with State institutions. We are especially thankful for the collaboration of coordinators Wilfredo Méndez and Ana Pineda in this project. This State of the Judiciary Report for Honduras was edited by Keith Henderson, IFES Senior Rule of Law Advisor, and Violaine Autheman and Sandra Elena, IFES Rule of Law Advisors, who are the authors of the Executive Summary and Chapter 1 of this Report. They are also responsible for the analytical conclusions in the tables that evaluate the level of compliance with the Judicial Integrity Principles which are included in the Executive Summary and in Annex 4.
March 31, 2004